Habitat Action Plan
Heathland

“On that part which is called Putney Heath furze and bramble grow thick and luxuriant. One may look far in some directions and see no houses..to spoil the effect of exclusion and wilderness. Over all is the vast void sky and the rapturous music of the skylark.” 
(W H Hudson, 1898)

1.	Aims
•	To develop a strategic approach to the protection, management, creation and restoration of heathland within London.
•	To promote the value of heathland and secure the involvement of Londoners in its conservation.

2.	Introduction
Classic heathland is covered mainly by low-growing shrubs such as heather (or ‘ling’), which turn it a rich purple in late summer and autumn. This habitat could once be seen on large areas of common land around London, where local people grazed animals and drovers stationed their stock on the way to market. Such grazing helped to keep scrub and trees from invading the open landscape. Heathlands also played a vital role in local communities, as gorse and peat yielded a valued source of fuel and the open nature of heaths presented a perfect setting for village celebrations.
On a global scale the habitat has declined drastically and we in the UK are responsible for looking after twenty per cent of all that now remains. This decline has been acute in London too, where today heathland is limited to a few surviving fragments. Before it disappears altogether, we must act quickly to save these remnants, restore degraded areas and create new heathlands wherever it may be appropriate.
The heathland left in London is still a significant habitat type; important as the last refuge of a distinctive group of plants and animals. These include heather, dwarf gorse, the linnet, the green hairstreak butterfly and the adder, which is now a very rare and threatened species within the Capital.
Heathland is found on free-draining acid soils that are low in nutrients. It consists characteristically of an intimate mosaic of tussocky grasses and dwarf shrubs, with associated stands of common gorse, broom and hawthorn. Areas of bare ground may also be present, as well as boggy areas and small pools where the ground is locally wetter. Typical marginal habitats include acid grassland, bracken stands and young birch woodland.

3.	Current Status
Lowland heathland is listed as a priority habitat for conservation in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (DOE, 1995). London’s surviving fragments make up about 80 hectares in total, with the largest single area being found at Wimbledon Common and Putney Heath, split between the boroughs of Wandsworth and Merton. Other boroughs containing significant areas include Bromley, Croydon, Harrow, Hillingdon and Hounslow. Boroughs such as Kingston-upon-Thames, Barnet, Bexley, Camden, Greenwich, Richmond-upon-Thames and Redbridge each have very small relict areas.
Many of London’s remaining heathland sites have suffered neglect and mismanagement and are fast losing their characteristic plants to coarse grasses, bracken and developing woodland. So much so that some heathland species, such as common cottongrass and bog asphodel, are now reduced to a few plants in a single site. Gauges of habitat quality on heaths include the age-range of heather and kindred plants, the extent of important associated habitat components such as scrub and bare ground and, of course, their comparative species diversity.
Because of their limited extent and degraded quality, London’s heaths no longer support the nationally rare birds and reptiles associated with the habitat elsewhere in southern England, although the Dartford warbler, a highly specialised songbird of heathland habitat, might well be encouraged to make a comeback.

4.	Specific Factors Affecting the Habitat
4.1	Amenity use
Much of London’s remaining heathland is in public open spaces and on golf courses. The varied expectations of different site users put considerable pressure on the managers of these areas, who must attempt to accommodate competing recreational demands. Heathland habitat continues to be lost through a combination of intensive management imposed to provide formal recreation areas, inappropriate recreational uses and the mismanagement or passive neglect of heathland which allows scrub and woodland to develop.
4.2	Management constraints
The management required to limit succession on heathland is highly labour intensive. In the past when tracts of heathland were much larger, controlled burning of alternate portions was often used as a valuable management technique. This is now made impossible, as the remaining heathland fragments are too small for partitioning to be feasible. Today, fires caused either by accident or arson can be very damaging, especially to invertebrates.
Grazing is currently considered to be one of the best ways of managing heathland, but is constrained in London. The size and fragmented nature of the habitat is again a problem, most areas not being large enough to support average flock or herd sizes, while disturbance by the public and stock availability are also prohibitive. Solutions to such constraints might be found by English Nature’s current Grazing Animals Project. 
Restoration of heathland sometimes calls for tree felling. This is often extremely unpopular when members of the public are unaware of the overriding need for it. Respect for public opinion can therefore further constrain necessary action.
4.3	Eutrophication
It is feared that the nutrient enrichment of heathland soils from the polluted atmosphere, particularly nitrogen washed from the air by rain, is an insidious but important cause of habitat degradation. Car exhaust fumes are a major contributor. The vigour with which grasses such as purple moor-grass can invade dwarf shrub stands is thought to be evidence of this worrying process.

5.	Current Action
5.1	Legal status
All of the heathland sites identified in the London Biodiversity Audit are included within Sites of Importance for Nature Conservation (SINC).
Some sites receive statutory protection, either as Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), for example Wimbledon Common, Keston and Hayes Commons (Bromley) and Croham Hurst (Croydon); or as Local Nature Reserves (LNR), examples being Stanmore Common (Harrow), Hounslow Heath (Hounslow) and Rowley Green Common (Barnet). Poor's Field (Hillingdon) and Richmond Park (Richmond) are within National Nature Reserves (NNR).  Wimbledon Common, Richmond Park and Epping Forest are all candidate Special Areas of Conservation (cSAC) for their invertebrate and habitat interest.
Specially protected species associated with London’s heathland sites include common lizard, slow-worm, adder and possibly great crested newt and hobby. The presence of these species may impose legal restraints on management.
5.2	Mechanisms targeting the habitat
These current actions are ongoing. They need to be supported and continued in addition to the new action listed under Section 7.

5.2.1	Management and restoration
The majority of publicly owned sites have management plans and some have benefited from grant aid schemes, financing various fencing and scrub clearance projects. Unfortunately, present resources are not reversing the decline in the quality of London's remaining heathland. The current management effort is simply insufficient to permit the extensive restorative action which is now required.
Despite this, heathland restoration is taking place across London, for example on sites in Bromley, Croydon and Merton. Projects to create heathland have been undertaken on a small scale at Hounslow Heath and Hampstead Heath (Camden). Such schemes are successful in expanding the quality and extent of heathland habitat, but only when there is a long-term commitment to their maintenance.

6.	Flagship Species
These special plants and animals are characteristic of heathland in London.
Heather/ cross-leaved heath/
bell heather/ dwarf gorse/ common gorse	Calluna vulgaris/ Erica tetralix/ Erica cinerea/ Ulex minor/ Ulex europaeus	The heathers are responsible for heathland's distinctive purple blaze, juxtaposed with the yellow gorse. This collection of plants is largely responsible for the strikingly colourful image of heathland and gorse provides an exotic coconut smell on warm days.	
Linnet	Carduelis cannabina	The linnet occurs in a range of habitats where scrub is a major component. Across London it is restricted by the lack of quality habitat, but most of the Capital’s surviving heaths support breeding linnets.	
Green tiger beetle	Cicindela campestris	This striking, metallic-green beetle thrives in the open ground on London's better quality heathland.	
Bumblebees	Bombus spp	Many species of bumblebee forage over heathland, where they play an important role in pollinating heathland plants. One species, the small heath bumblebee, Bombus jonellus is particularly associated with heaths.	

7.	Objectives, Actions and Targets
Most of these actions are specific to this habitat. However, there are other, broader actions that apply generically to a number of habitats and species. These are located in a separate ‘Generic Action’ section which should be read in conjunction with this document. There are generic actions for Site Management, Habitat Protection, Species Protection, Ecological Monitoring, Biological Records, Communications and Funding.
Please note that the partners identified in the tables are those that have been involved in the process of forming the plan. It is not an exclusive list and new partners are both welcomed and needed. The leads identified are responsible for co-ordinating the actions – but are not necessarily implementers.
Objective 1	To secure appropriate management for heathland
Target: Appropriate management in place on all existing heathland sites by 2011

Action	Target Date	Lead	Other Partners	
1.1 Identify key heathland species with specialist requirements	Achieved 2002	Working Group		
1.2 Maintain network of heathland managers and conservation bodies to continue the work of the advisory ‘London Heath Working Group’	Annually	EN	Site Managers, LA, EN, LWT, LNHS, GLA, CL, RP, BC	
1.3 Produce best practice habitat management guidelines in the urban context	 2004	EN	Working Group,
Reptile SAP Working Group	
1.4 Distribute guidelines to all heathland site managers	2004	EN	Working Group	
1.5 Maintain annual programme of training in management, monitoring, interpretation and communication for site managers	2006	Working Group	Site Managers, GLA, LWT, LA, Reptile SAP Working Group	

Objective 2   To create new areas of heathland habitat, reflecting historical distribution and suitable geological conditions and restore areas of recoverable but degraded heathland
Target: Begin implementation of a costed restoration strategy by January 2003

Action	Target Date	Lead	Other Partners	
2.1 Review existing management plans for all sites & evaluate their requirements for restoration funding 	Achieved 2001	GLA	Site Managers, Working Group	
2.2 Identify those sites that especially require restoration 	Achieved 2001	GLA	Site Managers, Working Group	
2.3 Produce targeted & costed heathland restoration & creation strategy	2004	Working Group	LWT, EA	
2.4 Initiate restoration and creation of heathland on suitable sites as outlined in the restoration strategy	
2004	Working Group		
2.5 Produce a London wide grant funding application to assist with the implementation of the restoration strategy	2004	Working group	Funding Working Group.	

Objective 3	Develop appreciation of heathland landscapes
Target:  Promote heathland appreciation by means of a programme of site visits and educational materials

Action	Target Date	Lead	Other Partners	
3.1 Develop & distribute contacts for walk leaders and speakers to all site managers 	Achieved 2001	Working Group	Site Managers	
3.2 Invite Ward Councillors to visit local heathland sites, to appreciate site priorities and potential. One biennial visit to each borough	2006	Working Group	Site Managers	
3.3 To audit the current educational use of publicly accessible heathland sites by means of a questionnaire’	2004	CoL	Site Managers	
3.4 Produce a leaflet on London’s heathland resource to help raise awareness of its value within local communities & investigate other mechanisms for promoting heathlands	2004	EN	Common Ground, Working Group	

Relevant Action Plans
London Plans
Woodland; Acid Grassland; Churchyard and Cemeteries; Parks, Amenity Grasslands & City Squares; Reptiles; Open Landscapes with Ancient/Old Trees Audit; The Humble Bumble (a long-tongued bumblebee) Statement.
National Plans
Lowland Heathland; Lowland Dry Acid Grassland; Lowland Wood Pasture and Parkland; Built Environment and Gardens; A long-tongued bumble-bee Bombus humilis.
Key References
English Nature (1997). Fact sheet 2: Heathland creation for wildlife. Research Report 260: Habitat Restoration Project: Fact sheets and Bibliographies.
English Nature and RSPB (1997). The Lowland Heathland Inventory.
Gimingham, CH (1992). The lowland heathland management handbook. English Nature.
Michael, N (1996). The lowland heathland management booklet, version 2. English Nature Science No.11.
Webb, N (1986). Heathlands. A natural history of Britain's lowland heaths. Collins New Naturalist.
Abbreviations
BC - Butterfly Conservation
CG - Common Ground
CoL - Corporation of London
EA - Environment Agency
EN - English Nature
GLA - Greater London Authority
LA - Local Authorities	LBBF - London Borough Biodiversity Forum
LBP - London Biodiversity Partnership
LNHS - London Natural History Society
LWT - London Wildlife Trust
RP - The Royal Parks
	
Contact
The Lead for this habitat is English Nature.
Paul Losse
English Nature
Devon House
12-15 Dartmouth Street
Queen Anne’s Gate
London SW1H 9BL	Tel 020  7340 4870
Email paul.losse@english-nature.org.uk
Web www.english-nature.org.uk